The following surveys were carried out: • GIS mapping of bus routes, carried out by survey staff travelling bus routes with GPS enabled phones, using GPS Essantials The objective of these surveys was to develop a comprehensive picture of the urban transport sector, including, on the supply side, the financing and provision of vehicles and the incomes in the sector, and on the demand side, the needs of passengers and identification of the level of the number of passengers on different routes. The first phase of data gathering was in May 2019. This was entirely within Ramadan, which naturally throws off ordinary travel patterns. During this phase, only data on route geography was gathered, not on frequencies or capacities. Passenger responses may also have been skewed compared to a typical month. A second set of data was gathered in October (a more typical period), and it is on this phase of data gathering that the frequencies and capacities of routes are based on. GIS data on routes was processed and analysed using ArcMap. Data was gathered as location ‘pings’, which were processed into lines. These were in turn compiled into routes, based on matching the lines to the street network on Open Street Map. Some judgment and debate among the survey staff was used to resolve what constitutes a ‘route’. Some routes are circular, while others make a loop at the end. Some return trips are also carried out in a single beat by the vehicle, with no halt at the end. Passengers may or may not be expected to disembark, and/or to pay for another trip, depending on where they boarded. Different routes also have some variability in the streets they take, and others fully overlap longer routes. There was an attempt to capture all routes in the city, but given the level of manpower and time frame, this may have only been partially achieved. The mutability of routes and their proliferation mean that, while we believe we captured all major destinations, there may well be precise routes that are not captured. This is particularly the case in Balbala, where routes are served by rickshaws and 8-seat Bajaj vehicles, which have a great deal of flexibility and can be difficult to separate from taxi routes.